In order to understand the immune modulatory effect of opioids in a systematic and unbiased way, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from opioid-dependent individuals and non-dependent controls.

Karagiannis, T.T. and Cleary, J.P. et al. Single cell transcriptomics reveals opioid usage evokes widespread suppression of antiviral gene program. Nat Commun 11, 2611 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16159-y